感應電動機   感應電動機

單相異步電機的基本結構

單相異步電動機就是只需單相交流電源供電的電動機 單相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)動機(ji)由定(ding)子、轉(zhuan)子、軸承、機(ji)殼、端(duan)蓋等構成。定(ding)子由機(ji)座和帶(dai)繞(rao)組(zu)的鐵心(xin)(xin)組(zu)成。鐵心(xin)(xin)由硅鋼片沖槽疊壓而成，槽內(nei)嵌裝兩(liang)套空(kong)間(jian)互隔90°電(dian)角度的主繞(rao)組(zu)（也稱(cheng)運行繞(rao)組(zu)）和輔繞(rao)組(zu)（也稱(cheng)起(qi)動繞(rao)組(zu)成副繞(rao)組(zu)）。主繞(rao)組(zu)接交流電(dian)源(yuan)，輔繞(rao)組(zu)串(chuan)接離心(xin)(xin)開關(guan)S或起(qi)動電(dian)容(rong)(rong)、運行電(dian)容(rong)(rong)等之后(hou)(hou)，再接入電(dian)源(yuan)。轉(zhuan)子為籠型鑄鋁(lv)轉(zhuan)子，它(ta)是(shi)將鐵心(xin)(xin)疊壓后(hou)(hou)用鋁(lv)鑄入鐵心(xin)(xin)的槽中，并一起(qi)鑄出端(duan)環，使轉(zhuan)子導(dao)條短路成鼠(shu)籠型。

單相(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)又分為(wei)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)阻起動異(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)，單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起動異(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)運轉異(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)和(he)單相(xiang)雙值電(dian)(dian)容(rong)異(yi)(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)。

三相異步電機的基本結構

三相異步電動機主要有由定子和轉子，軸承組成 [3]。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)，端(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)由(you)0.35~0.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)厚表面具有(you)絕緣層的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)制、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)，在鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)圓沖(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)布的(de)(de)槽(cao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)嵌放定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)三個(ge)在空間互隔120°電(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度、隊稱(cheng)(cheng)排列的(de)(de)結構*相(xiang)(xiang)同繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)而(er)成(cheng)，這些繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)各個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)按一(yi)定(ding)(ding)規律分(fen)別(bie)嵌放在定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各槽(cao)內(nei)(nei)。其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)通入三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)，產生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場。機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)通常為鑄鐵(tie)(tie)件，大型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼板焊成(cheng)，微(wei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄鋁件，其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)固定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)(yu)前后端(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)以(yi)(yi)支撐轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起(qi)防護、散熱等作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。封(feng)閉式電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)外(wai)面有(you)散熱筋以(yi)(yi)增加散熱面積(ji)，防護式電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座(zuo)兩(liang)端(duan)端(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)開有(you)通風(feng)孔，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)空氣可(ke)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)對流，以(yi)(yi)利于散熱。端(duan)蓋(gai)(gai)主要(yao)起(qi)固定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支撐和(he)防護作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣，由(you)0.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)厚的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)(pian)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)制、疊壓(ya)而(er)成(cheng)，硅(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)(pian)外(wai)圓沖(chong)(chong)(chong)有(you)均勻(yun)分(fen)布的(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。通常用(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)落(luo)后的(de)(de)硅(gui)(gui)鋼片(pian)(pian)內(nei)(nei)圓來(lai)(lai)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。一(yi)般(ban)(ban)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)壓(ya)裝在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，大、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑在300~400毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)）的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)則借(jie)助與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支架壓(ya)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)為鼠籠式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)繞(rao)(rao)線(xian)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠籠式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)插入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽(cao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)多根導條和(he)兩(liang)個(ge)環(huan)行的(de)(de)端(duan)環(huan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。若去(qu)掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，整個(ge)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)外(wai)形像一(yi)個(ge)鼠籠，故稱(cheng)(cheng)籠型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)籠型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，對于100KW以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銅(tong)條和(he)銅(tong)端(duan)環(huan)焊接(jie)(jie)(jie)而(er)成(cheng)。鼠籠轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)為：阻抗型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單鼠籠型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠籠型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深槽(cao)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性(xing)各有(you)不(bu)同。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)線(xian)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)線(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)相(xiang)(xiang)似，也是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)對稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)三相(xiang)(xiang)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)接(jie)(jie)(jie)成(cheng)星形，三個(ge)出線(xian)頭接(jie)(jie)(jie)到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)三個(ge)集流環(huan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，再通過電(dian)(dian)刷與(yu)(yu)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)聯接(jie)(jie)(jie)。

工作方式

編輯

1 異步電動機起動方式 [4]

1.1 軟起動

隨著微(wei)型(xing)計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)的(de)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展，在相(xiang)關的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)工程領域中先后研制(zhi)(zhi)成功了一批電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)，廣(guang)泛應用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)過程，降壓啟動(dong)(dong)器(qi)隨之被替代。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)的(de)軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)設施都使(shi)用(yong)的(de)是晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)調(diao)(diao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)構成如下所描述：晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)六只，兩兩反(fan)并(bing)聯后串聯至(zhi)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源上，待(dai)系統發(fa)(fa)送起(qi)動(dong)(dong)信號后，微(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)系統立即進行數據(ju)計算，令晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)輸送觸發(fa)(fa)信號，使(shi)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)導通角得(de)到控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，根據(ju)給定的(de)輸出(chu)，調(diao)(diao)節輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。該(gai)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)(shi)適合各種功率值(zhi)的(de)三相(xiang)交流異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)六根和三根連接方式(shi)(shi)的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

1.2 直接起動

此種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方(fang)式(shi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)方(fang)式(shi)中基(ji)礎簡單的(de)(de)，首先借助用(yong)刀(dao)開關使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網進行連接(jie)，此時在額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)并運行起(qi)(qi)來，該方(fang)式(shi)特點為：投資少(shao)，設(she)備簡單、數量(liang)少(shao)，雖然起(qi)(qi)動(dong)時間短，但起(qi)(qi)動(dong)時的(de)(de)轉矩較小(xiao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大(da)，比較適合應用(yong)在容(rong)量(liang)小(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)。

1.3 降壓起動

由于直接起動存在較大的缺點，降壓起動隨之產生。這種起動方式適用的起動環境為空載和輕載這兩種情況，由于降壓起動方式是在同時實現了限制起動轉矩和起動電流的，因此起動工作結束后需要使工作的電路恢復到額定狀態。 [5]

6AU1400-2PA23-0AA0 備(bei)件(jian)

6ES7972-0BA12-0XA0 插頭

NSC160S3125N 塑殼斷路器

CR-M024DC4L 繼電器

T3N250 TMD200/2000 FFCL 4P N=100% 塑殼

T3N250 TMD160/1600 FFCL 4P N=100% 塑殼

MS450-40 斷路(lu)器

NSC100B3100N 塑殼(ke)斷路器

NSC100B3080N 塑殼斷(duan)路器

IC65N 3P C63A 斷路器(qi)

IC65N 3P C32A 斷(duan)路器(qi)

S403M-C16 斷路器

MS325-12.5 斷路器

T1N160R160 TMD3PFF 塑殼

S401M-C16 斷路器(qi)

IC65N 3P C20A 斷路器

IC65N 1P C20A 斷路器

IC65N 1P C16A 斷路器

SMT-8M-A-NS-24V-E-2,5-OE 傳感器

ZMI4NA 底座

MY4N-J AC220V 含底座 繼電器(qi)

PKR251 NO:PTR2600 真空(kong)規(gui)

HK4-11 輔助(zhu)觸頭

6SE6440-2UD22-2BA1 變頻(pin)器

990NAD21110 分支器

EV100K38-H6PR-1024 編碼器

PTR90升級PTR90N 真空(kong)規

LADR2 延時(shi)開關

LADT2 延時(shi)開關

3RW3017-1BB14 軟啟動器

EV100P30-H6PR-1024 編碼(ma)器

7MF4433-1DA02-2BC6-Z   A02+Y01+Y15 變(bian)送(song)器(qi)

W2D250-GA04-15 風機

TLH-450 位(wei)移傳(chuan)感器

D1VW4CNJP75升(sheng)級(ji)型號(hao)D1VW004CNJW91 電磁(ci)閥

4WE6H61B/CW220-50N9Z5L 電磁(ci)閥

6ES7212-1AB23-0XB0 模塊

6ES7214-1AG40-0XB0 模塊

ZB2BWB31C 按鈕底座

ZB2BE101C 觸點

ZB2BE102C 觸點

ZB2BZ21C 鎖(suo)定模(mo)塊

ZB2BW33C 按(an)鈕

MDR-20-24 電源模塊(kuai)

EDR-150-24 電源模塊(kuai)

MTW-5-100 溫度控制(zhi)器(qi)

Z-15GNJ55-B 微動開關

AM-123-14-11 AC100-240V 電(dian)力計

S201-C01 斷路器(qi)

S201-C02 斷路(lu)器

S202M-C3DC 斷路器

S202-C03 斷路器

S203-C03 斷路器

S2C-H11R 附件

S2C-H6R 附件